Effect of dried Thyme leaf (Thymus Schimperi R.) on chicken productivity performance and egg quality
Keywords:
Egg quality, Layers, Productivity, Ration, Thyme leafAbstract
The feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of thyme leaf as an additive on productive performance and egg quality traits of white leghorn chicken at Haramaya university poultry farm for 11 weeks. One hundred twenty white leghorn (WLH) layers at the age of 26 weeks with average initial body weight of 1216.1±6.62 gram (mean±SD) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments. The treatments were T1 (Layers ration (LR) with 0% Thyme leaf meal (TLM), T2 (layer’s ration with 1% TLM), T3 (layer’s ration with 2% TLM) and T4 (layer’s ration with 3% TLM). Each treatment group was replicated three times with ten laying hens and two cocks per replicate in completely randomized design (CRD). Samples of feed ingredients, thyme and formulated diets were subjected to chemical analysis before the actual experiment began. Weight of experimental birds was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The result indicated inclusion of thyme leaf in the layers diet significantly (p<0.01) influenced feed intake, final body weight, body weight change and average daily weight gain of birds which were greater in T2 and T1 than T4. The hen-day egg production 57.20±1.09 in T3 and 59.23±1.09 in T4 were significantly (p<0.01) higher than birds in T2 and control groups. The feed conversion ratio differs significantly (p < 0.01) among treatments ranging 3.28 to 4.70 and the lowest value was recorded in T3 and T4, which is an indicator of the best performance of birds. Among egg quality traits, yolk height and index were significantly higher in birds under T2 and T3 thanT1 and yolk weight was higher in T3 than T1. The economic analysis showed that the total and net return of birds fed a diet supplemented with thyme is higher than birds fed the control diet. Therefore, thyme leaf can be an imperative feed additive that can be added up to 3% in the layer ration to improve the performance of layers without adversely affecting product quality.
References
Abd El-Hack, M.E.A., Alagawany, M., 2015. Performance, egg quality, blood profile, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activities in laying hens fed diets with thyme powder. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 127-133.
Abd El-Wareth, A.A.A., Kehrausa, S., Hippenstiela, F., Südekum, K.H., 2012. Effects of thyme and oregano on growth performance of broilers from 4 to 42 days of age and on microbial counts in the crop, small intestine and caecum of 42-day-old broilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 178, 198-202.
Abdel-Wareth, A.A.A., Ismail, Z.S.H., Südekum, K.H., 2013. Effects of thyme and oregano on performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens. World Poult. Sci. J., 69, 15-19.
Abou-Elezz, F.M.K., Sarmiento, F.L., Santos, R.R., Solorio, S.F., 2011. Nutritional effects of dietary inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on Rhode Island Red hens’ performance. Cuban J. Agr. Sci., 45, 163-169.
Alcicek, A., Bozkurt, M., Cbuk, M., 2003. The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in turkey on broiler performance. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 33, 89-94.
Ali, M.N., Hassan, M.S., EL-Ghany, F.A., 2007. Effect of strain type of natural antioxidant and sulfate ion on the productive physiological and hatching performance of native laying hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6, 539-554.
Amad, A.A., Manner, K., Wendler, K.R., Neumann, K., Zentek, J., 2011. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 90, 122811-122816.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1990. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (13th eds). Washington D.C.
Bedford, M.R., Cowieson, A.J., 2012. Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 173, 76-85.
Behnamifar, A., Rahimi, S., Karimi Torshizi, M.A., Hasanpour, S., Mohammadzade, Z., 2015. Effect of thyme, garlic and caraway herbal extracts on blood parameters, productivity, egg quality, hatchability and intestinal bacterial population of laying Japanese quail. Iran. J. Vet. Med., 9(3), 179-187.
Benakmoum, A., Larid, R., Zidani, Z., 2013. Enriching egg yolk with carotenoids & phenols. Int. J. Nutr. Food Eng., 7(7).
Bölükbas, C.S., Erhan, K.M., 2007. Effect of dietary thyme on laying hen's performance and E. coli concentration in Feces. Int. J. Nat. Environ. Sci., 1(2), 55-58.
Bölükbasi, C.S., Erhan, K.M., Özkan, A., 2008. Effect of dietary thyme oil and vitamin E on growth, lipid oxidation, meat fatty acid composition and serum lipoproteins of broilers. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 36, 189-196.
Bozkurt, M., Kücükyilmaz, K., Catli, A.U., Cmar, M., Bintas, E., C€oven, F., 2012. Performance, egg quality, and immune response of laying hens fed diets supplemented with mannan-oligosaccharide or an essential oil mixture under moderate and hot environmental conditions. Poult. Sci., 91, 1379-1386.
CSA, 2017. Central statistics authority of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration. Result at Country Level. Central Statistics Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 250-350.
Dhama, K., Latheef, S.K., Mani, S., Samad, H.A., Kartik, K., Tiwari, R., Khan, R.U., Alagawany, M., Farag, M.R., Alam, G.M., Laudadio, V., Tufarelli, V., 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production: A review. Int. J. Pharmacol., 11, 152-176.
Fik, Robert, H., Veronika, P., 2015. The effect of essential oils on performance of laying hens. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 48(2), 87-89.
Fisseha, Moges, 2010. Studies on production and marketing systems on local chicken ecotypes in Bure Woreda North-West Amhara. MSc. A thesis submitted to the school of graduate of Hawasa universities, Ethiopia. 3p.
Ghasemi, R., Zarei, M., Torki, M., 2010. Adding medicinal herbs including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to the diet of laying hens and evaluating productive performance and egg quality characteristics. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 5(2), 151-154.
Gibson, G.R., Probert, H.M., Loo, J.V., Rastall, R.A., Roberfroid, M.B., 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr. Res. Rev., 17, 259-275.
Gumus, R., Ercan, N., Imik, H., 2017. The effect of thyme essential oil (Thymus Vulgaris) added to quail diets on performance, some blood parameters, and the antioxidative metabolism of the serum and liver tissues. Br. J. Poult. Sci., 19(2), 297-304.
Hagos Hailu, 2016. Determination proximate composition of the wild Abyssinian Thyme Herb (Thyme Schimperi L.) grown in high lands of Southern Tigray, North Ethiopia. Food Sci. Qual. Manag., 50, 2224-6088.
Haugh, R.R., 1937. The haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg. Poult. Manag., 522p.
Herrman, T., 2001. Sampling: procedures for feed. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2036. http://www.ksre.k-state.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf2036.pd
Hirnik, J.F., Summers, J.D., Walker, J.P., Szkotnick, W., 1977. Production traits influencing the individual feed conversion ratio. Poult. Sci., 56, 912-917.
Hunton, P., 1995. Egg production, processing and marketing. In: World Poultry Science, Elsevier, Tokyo. 457-480.
Ihsan, M.S., 2017. Impact of supplementation Neem powder (azadirachta indica) to diet broiler in immunological, physiological and productive traits. Adv. Environ. Biol., 11(3), 44-51.
Kaya, A., Kaya, H., Macit, M., Celebi, S., Esenbuga, N., Akif, M., Yoruk, M., Karaoglu, M., 2013. Effects of dietary inclusion of plant extract mixture and copper into layer diets on egg yield and quality, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid composition. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 19(4), 673-679.
Kirunda, D.F.K., Scheideler, S.E., McKee, S.R., 2001. The efficacy of vitamin E (DL-a tocopheryl acetate) supplementation in hen diets to alleviate egg quality deterioration associated with high temperature exposure. Poult. Sci., 80, 1378-1383.
Krzysztof, D., Julia, R., Dariusz, G., Jan, N., Anna, S., Daniel, R., 2018. Effects of ginger or ginger and thyme extract in laying hens feeding on productive results and eggs quality. Anim. Sci., 57(1), 5-18.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R., Beynen, A.C., 2003. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 44, 450-457.
Mansoub, N.H., 2011. Assessment on effect of thyme on egg quality and blood parameters of laying hens. Ann. Biol. Res., 2, 417-422.
Mehdipour, Z., Afsharmanesh, M., Sami, M., 2014. Effects of supplemental thyme extract (Thymus vulgaris L.) on growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and meat quality in Japanese quails. Comp. Clin. Pathol., 23, 1503-1508.
Mekuanent, B., Ajebu, N., Sandip, B., 2017. Effect of feeding thyme (Thymus schimperi) on feed intake, digestibility, carcass characteristics and sensory quality of meat of Arsi-Bale sheep fed a basal diet of barley straw. Present to Proceedings of the 25th Annual Confrence of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP).
Mishra, B.B., Kidan, H.G., Kibret, K., Assen, M., Eshetu, B., 2004. Soil and land resources inventory at Alemaya university research farm with reference to land evaluation for sustainable agricultural management and production. Synthesis of working papers, soil sciences bulletin No 1. 123p. Alemaya University.
Neu, H.C., 1992. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Sci., 257, 1064-1073.
North, M.O., 1984. Commercial chicken production manual. The Avi publishing company, In West port, Connecticut. 26p.
NRC (National Research Council), 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Radwan, N.L., Hassan, R.A., Qota, E.M., Fayek, H.M., 2008. Effect of natural antioxidants on oxidative stability of egg and productive and reproductive performance of laying hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7, 134-150.
Reddy, P.M., Reddy, V.R., Reddy, C.V., Rap, S.P., 1979. Egg weight, shape index and hatchability in khaki Campbell duck egg. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 14, 26-31.
Romanoff, A.L., Romanoff, A.J., 1949. The avian egg. New York, John Wiley and Sons Inc. ISBN-13, 978-0471732273.
Safa, S.E.G., AL-Beitawi, N.A., 2009. The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 46, 100-104.
Saki, A.A., Aliarabi, H., Siyar, H.A.S., Salari, J., Hashemi, M., 2014. Effect of a phytogenic feed additive on performance, ovarian morphology, serum lipid parameters and egg sensory quality in laying hen. Vet. Res. Forum, 5(4), 287-293.
Saleh, N., Allam, T., El-latif, A.A., Ghazy, E., 2014. The effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oils on performance, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. Global Vet., 12(6), 736-744.
Shahryar, H.A., Gholipoor, V., Ebrahimnezhad, Y., Monirifar, H., 2011. Comparison of the effects of thyme and oregano on egg quality in laying Japanese quail. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 2063-2068.
Siimsek, U.G., Ciftci, M., Ozcelik, M., Ali, A.M., Tobank, F., Ozhan, N., 2015. Effects of cinnamon and rosemary oils on egg production, egg quality, hatchability traits and blood serum mineral contents in laying quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 62, 229-236.
Statistical Analysis System (SAS), 2012. New version 9.3.
Toghyani, M., Tohidi, M., Gheisari, A.A., Tabeidian, S.A., 2010. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9, 6819-6825.
Upton, M., 1979. Farm management in Africa: the principle of production and planning. Oxford University Press, Great Britain. 282-298.
Vali, N., Mottaghi, S., 2016. The effect of using different levels of cinnamon and thyme powder on egg characteristics and fatty acids profile in Japanese quails. Cent. Inform. Bio-Technol. J. Zool., 5(3), 2319-3883.
Wiseman, J., Lessire, M., 1987. Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: Apparent metabolisable energy values and apparent fat availability. Br. Poult. Sci., 28, 663-676.
Zeweil, H.S., Genedy, S.G., Bassiouni, M., 2006. Effect of probiotic and medicinal plant supplements on the production and egg quality of laying Japanese quail hens. Proceedings of the 12th European Poultry Conference, ZWANS, Verona, Italy, 1-6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Erdaw Weldes, Meseret Girma, Mengstu Urge, Ali Beker
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
