Morphological studies of the stomach of falcon
Keywords:
Falcon, Proventriculus, Gizzard, HistologyAbstract
A morphological study of the stomach of the falcon was carried out, grossly and under light microscopy. Anatomically, the stomach of the falcon is constituted by two externally distinguishable chambers: a cranial chamber, the proventriculus (pars glandularis), which is cranially connected to the esophagus and caudally, to the gizzard (ventriculus or pars muscularis). There is no papilla on the gastric epithelium surface of the proventricular. Both, the mucous tunic of the proventriculus and of the gizzard present folds lined by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica mucosa of the proventriculus is extensively folded due to the presence of well-developed longitudinal muscle bundles. There is no intermediate zone (isthmus) between the proventriculus and the gizzard. The luminal surface of the ventriculus have cuticle, which is sloughed and shed small fine area (around the pyloric opening) and very thin membrane and highly closely adherent to the lining surface of gizzard.
References
Akester, A.R., 1986. "Structure of the glandular layer and koilin membrane in the gizzard of the adult domestic fowl
(Gallus gallus domesticus)." J. Anat. 147, 1 - 25.
Bacha, W. J., L.M., Bacha, 2000. Color atlas of veterinary histology. 2nd ed. . Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. 318p.
Bahadir, A., B. Yildiz, 1992b. "Evcil Su Kuslarindan Yerli Kaz, Yerli Ordek ve Pekin ordeginin sindirim sistemleri
uzerinde karsilastirmali makro-anatomik ve subgros arastirmalar. Bolum 2: Oesophagus ile cloaca arasi."
Uludag. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 11, 21 – 32.
Bailey, T. A., E. P. Mensah-brown, 1997. "Comparative morphology of the alimentary tract and its glandular
derivatives of captive bustards." J. Anat. 191, pp. 387±398.
Banks, W. J. (1993). Applied veterinary histology. 3rd edition. , Mosby year book. 356 - 357p.
Baumel, J. J., S. A. King, 1993. Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. 2nd ed. . Cambridge, Nuttall
Ornithological Club. 779p.
Bee De Speroni, N. and M. Chikilian, 1983. "Estudio morfohistologico e histoquimico comparado de la primeira
porcion del tracto digestivo de Zenaida auriculata chrysauchenia y Myiopsitta monacha monacha (aves
Columbidae y psittacidae)." Hist. Nat. Corrientes 3, 21-32. .
Calhoun, M. L., 1954. Microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of the chicken, The IOWA. State College Press.
Ames, Iowa. 108p.
Catroxo, M. H., M. A. Lima, 1997. "Histological aspects of the stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of the redcapped cardinal (Paroaria gularis gularis, Linnaeus, 1766)." Revista chilena de anatomia V. 15, N.1.
Chikilian, M. and N. B. DE Speroni, 1996. "Comparative study of digestive system of three species of tinamou. I.
Crypturellus tataupa, Nothoprocta cinerascens, and Nothura maculosa (aves: Tinamidae)." Journal of
Morphology V.228, p.77- 88.
Denbow, D. M., 2000. Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. In Whittow GC (ed): Sturkie’s Avian Physiology,
Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 299- 325.
Dursun, N., 2002. "Evcil Kuslarin Anatomisi." Medisan Yayinevi, Ankara, Turkey: pp, 53-90.
Dyce, K. M., W. O. Sack, 2010. Text book of Veterinary anatomy. fourth edition, W.B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, London and Toronto.
El-Bakary, R.M. 1993. External features of the stomach and intestine in some wild birds in relation to food habits
with special references to their vasculare.Alex. J. Vet. Science, Vol. 9 No. 4, 43-60.
Elizabeth, A. and L. F. Fredric 2001. comparative veterinary histology with clinical correlates, Manson Publishing/
the Veterinary Press. P. 1333-134.
Espinola, L. V. and E. A. Galliussi, 1990. "Estudio anátomo-histológico del tracto digestivo de Fulica armillata
(Velellot, 1817) Aves (Gruiformes, Rallidae)." Iheringia Sér. Zool. 70, 93-108.
Farner, D. S. (1960). Digestion and digestive system. In: Marshall, A. J., Biology and comparative physiology of
birds, New York, 1,411-49.
Fieri, W. J. 1984. Aspectos anatômicos e histológicos do tubo digestivo da codorna Nothura maculosa maculosa,
(Temminck, 1815), São Paulo, 109 pp [(Tese doutor.) Univ. Mackenzie.
Gartrell, B. D. 2000. "The nutritional, morphologic, and physiologic bases of nectarivory in Australian birds." J Avian
Med. Surg. 14 (2), 85- 94.
Gionfriddo, J. P. and L. B. Best, 1996. "Grite-use patterns in North American birds: the influence of diet, body size,
and gender." Wilson Bull 108, 685-696.
Glerean, A. and E. Katchburian, 1964. "Estudo histológico e histoquímico da moela de Gallus domesticus." Rev. Fac.
Farm. Bioquim. Univ. São Paulo 2, 73-84.
Hassouna, E. M. A., 2001a. Some anatomical and morphometrical studies on the esophagus and stomcah in goose,
turkey, sparrow, kestrel, hoopoe, owl and darter. Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 44 No. 88 (21-46)
Hodges, R. D. (1974). The histology of the fowl, pp, 47- 64. London, Academic Press INC Ltd.
Imaizumi, M. and K. Hama, 1969. "An electron microscopic study on the interstitial cells of the gizzard in the lovebird (Uroloncha domestica)." Z. Zellforch. 97, 351-357. .
Jain, D. K. (1976). "Histomorphology and proteolytic activity in the gastric apparatus of frugivorous,carnivorous and
omnivorous species of birds." Acta. Biol. Acad. Sci. hung. 27, 135-145. .
King, A. S. and J. Mclelland, 1975. Outlines of avian anatomy. , Baillière Tindall, London.
King, A. S. and J. Mclelland, 1984. Birds, their Structure and Function. 2nd edition. , Baillière Tindall, London.
Klasing, K. C. (1999). "Avian gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology." Semin Avian Exotic Pet. Med 8, 42-50.
Klem, J. R., M. A. Parker, 1984. "Gross morphology and general histology of the alimentary tract of the American
robin (Turdus migratorius)." Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 58, 151-158.
Klem, J. R. D., C. R. Brancato, 1982. "Gross morphology and general histology of the esophagus, ingluvies and
proventriculus of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)." Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 56, 141-146.
Klem, J. R. D., S. A. Finn, 1983. "Gross morphology and general histology of the ventriculus, intestinum, caeca and
cloaca of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)." Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 57, 27-32.
Landolt, R., 1985. "A comparative morphological study of the gizzard in the Columbidae." Fortschr. Zool. 30, 265-
Lima, M. A. I., 1979. Estudo topoquímico das mucossubstâncias das estruturas epiteliais do trato gastroentestinal
de Columba livia, São Paulo. 52pp.
Lima, M. A. I. and W. S. Sasso, 1985. "Histochemical detection of glycoproteins in the gastric epithelia of Columba
livia." Acta. Histochem 76, 145-150. .
McLelland, J., 1979. Systema Digestorium. In: Baumel, J.J.; King, A.S.; Lucas, A.M.; Breazile, J.E. & Evans, H.E. ed.
Nomina Anatomica Avium. London, Academic. Press. 637pp.
Menin, E., R. C. David, 1990. "Anatomia funcional do tubo digestivo de Coragyps atratus brasiliensis." Rev. Ceres
, 398-420. .
Mina, T., P. Paria, 2011. "Histological study of proventriculus of male adult ostrich." Global Veterinaria 7 (2), 108-
Nazan, G. I., P. Gulsun, 2010. "Anatomic Investigations on Digestive System of Marmara region sea gulls." Journal
of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9 (12), 1757-1760.
Nickel, R., A. Schummer, 1977. Anatomy of the Domestic Birds. Berlin, Verlag Paul Parey.
Rocha, D. O. S. and M. A. I. De Lima (1998). "Histological aspects of the stomach of burrowing owl (Speotyto
cunicularia, Molina, 1782." Rev. Chil. Anat. 16(2), 191-197. .
Rocha, S. O., 1991. Aspectos morfológicos (histológicos) do tubo digestivo da coruja-buraqueira Speotyto
cunicularia, (Molina, 1782), São Paulo. 73pp. .
Rossi, J. R., S. M. Baraldi-Artoni, 2005. "Morphology of glandular stomach (glandularis) and muscular stomach
(muscularis) of the partrigde Rhynchotus rufescens." Ciência Rural, Santa Maria v.35, n.6, p.1319-1324,
nov-dez.
Salem, A. O. and A. A.-R. Yousria, 2000. "comparative morphometrical and scanning electron microscopical studies
on the glandular stomach of the chicken (Gallus domesticus), pigeon (Columbia Livia), duck (Anas
Domesticus) and cattle egret (Bubulcus Ibis)." Assiut Vet. Med. J. 44 No. 87.
Selander, U. 1963. "Fine structure of the oxyntic cell in the chicken proventriculus." Acta. Anat. 55, 299-310.
Selvan, P. S., S. Ushakumary, 2008. "Studies on the histochemistery of the proventriculus and gizzard of post-hatch
Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)." International journal of poultry science I 7 (11), 1112- 1116.
Singh, S. P. 1973. "Morpho-histological observations on the proventriculus in some bird’s viz., Ploceus phiiipplnus,
Upupa epops; Megalaima haemacephala and Cinnyris asiatica." Zool. Anz. 191, 45-50.
Sisson, S. and J. D. Grossman (1986). Anatomia dos animais domésticos. 5.ed, Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan.
Sturkie, P. D. 1965. Alimentary Canal: anatomy, prehension, deglutition, appetite, passage of ingesta, motility. In.
Farner, D.S. Avian Physiology. New York, Comstock Publ. Ass. Div. Cornell.Univ. Press. V.10. pp.272-311.
Taylor, M. 2000. "Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract for the avian practitioner. In Birds 2000."
Post Grad Found in Vet. Sci. Univ. of Sydney, Aus. Proc. 334, 107- 113.
Toner, P. G. 1964. "The fine structure of gizzard gland cells in the domestic fowl." J. Anat. 98, 77-86. .
Turk, D. E. 1982. "The anatomy of the avian digestive tract as related to feed utilization. Poultry Science, v.61,
p.1225- 1244." Poultry Science 61, 1225- 1244.
Vergara, P., C. Ferrando, 1989. "Factors determining gastrointestinal transit time of several markers in the
domestic fowl." Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 74, 867-874.
Vial, J. D., J. Garrido, 1977. "Muscle proteins and the changes in shape of avian oxynticopeptic cells in relation to
secretion." Anat. Rec. 194, 293-310. .
Vittoria, A. and F. Richetti, 1974. "Prime ricerche istologiche comparative sull’ apparato digerente di alcuni uccelli
Atti." Soc. Ital. Sci. Vet. 27, 225-226. .
Whittow, G. C. 2000. Sturkies Avian Physiology. 5th Ed. , Academic Press, USA. pp, 299-325.
Ziswiler, V. and D. S. Farner, 1972. Digestion and the digestive system. In Farner, D.S., King, J.R. (eds.) Avian Biology
II. London, England, Academic Press, pp 343-430.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 M. M. Abumandour
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
