A survey of external parasites of free-range chickens and their ethno-veterinary control remedies used by resource-limited farmers in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Keywords:
Chickens; control; ethno-veterinary; external-parasites; resource-limited farmersAbstract
In most rural areas, chicken infestation with external parasites poses a challenge to their productivity and associated benefits. External parasites cause anemia, thus reducing growth, egg production and may lead to death. They are mainly controlled by commercial remedies, although resource-limited farmers resort to using alternative remedies which are available and affordable. This study was conducted to document external parasites of free-range chickens and their ethno-veterinary control remedies used by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was conducted amongst 93 households, 3 of which were herbalists, in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The farmers considered several external parasites to be a problem: mites (79.6%) stick tight fleas (64.5%), lice (10.8%) and ticks (6.5%). Various ethno-veterinary remedies were used to control the parasites, which included ash (28%), madubula (26.7%) and Jeyes fluid (10%) both of which are comprised of 13% carbolic acid, paraffin (8.4%), plants (5.2%), used engine oil (2.8%), dip wash (2.5%), doom spray (d-phenothrin 0.4%), blue death (permethrin 0.03%) (1.9%), diesel (1.9%), smoke (0.9%) and a few (4.2%) used conventional insecticides namely karbadust (carbarly 5%) and mercaptothion 5%). A small proportion (7.5%) does not use either of the remedies. The materials used by resource-limited farmers in controlling parasites were identified and documented.
References
Adedapo, A.A., Jimoh, F.O., Koduru, S.K., Afolayan, A.J., Masika, P.J., 2008. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the methanol extract of the leaves and stems of Calpurnia aurea BMC Compl. Altern. Medic. 8, 53.
Baker, B.S., 2008. From Arsenic to Biological: A 200 year History of Psoriasis, Garner Press. P.O Box 382, Beckernham, BR3 3UU. UK.
Baser, S., Figen, E., Mahmut, S., Oner, K., 2003. Investigation of acute toxicity of permethrin on guppies (Poecilia reticulate) Chemosphere. 51, 469-474.
Beck, W., 1999. Farm animals as disease vectors of parasitic epizoonoses and zoophilic dermatophytes and their importance in dermatology. Der hautarzt, 50, 625 – 628.
Bembridge, T.J., Steyn, G.J., Tuswa, N., 1982. Present land use: Field crops in Amatola Basin. Report No 7/81 Ardri, University of Fort Hare, Alice.
Chin, S.C., Shafiq, N., Nuruddin, M.F., 2012. Effects of used Engine oil in Reinforced Concrete Beams: The Structure behavior. World Academy of Science, Engineering and technology 63
Go, V., Garey, J., Wolff, M.S., Pogo, B.G.T., 1999. Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. Environ.Health. Perspect. 107, 173-177.
Gondwe, T.N.P., 2004. Characterizations of local chicken in low input- low out put production systems: is there scope for appropriate production and breeding strategies in Malawi? (PhD thesis, Georg-August Universitat Gottingen Germany).
Gordon, R.F., Jordan, F.T.W., 1982. Poultry diseases, 2nd Ed. Bailliere Tindall, London. 11-197.
Gueye, E.F., 1997. Disease in village chickens: Control through ethno-veterinary medicine. ILEIA Newsletter. 13 (2), 20-21.
Hailu, T., 2004. Phytopharmaceutical studies of some selected medicinal plants locally used in treatment of skin disorder. A Thesis submitted to the school of Graduate studies of Addis Ababa University, Degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutics in the Department of Pharceutic, School of Pharmarcy.
Haustein, U.F., Rogalski, C., Paasch, U., 2002. One time treatment of head lice (Pediculosis capitis) with 0.5% Permethrin. Efficacy of 0.5% alcoholic permethrin solution. J. Dermatolog. 28 (11), 406-409.
Isao, K., Takeshi, M., Mutsuo, K., Andrew, C., Hideo, N., 1984. Quinolizidine Alkaloids from The African Medicinal plant Calpurnia aurea: Molluscicidal activity and structure by 2D-NMR. Agric. Chem. 48 (11), 2839-2841.
ISCW (Institute for Soil Climate and Water) 2008. Agromet Section 079/221 L.A, Climate Annual and Monthly Totals and Averages, Pretoria.
Ivanice, M.C., Silvio, J.S., Claudia, M.W., Armando, C.B., 2004. Evaluation of the potential insecticide activity of the Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae) essential oil against the head lice pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera Pediculidae). Neotr. Entomol. Londr. 33 (6), 519-566.
Karunamoorthi, K., Adane, M., Fentahun, W., 2008. Laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against Anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in Ethiopia. Parasitol. Res. 103, 529-534.
Letsoalo, S.S., Krecek, R.C., Botha, C.A.J., Ngetu, X., 2000. Animal husbandry in Moretele 1 of North –West Province: implications for veterinary training and research. 0038-2809 Tydskr. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 71(2), 92-96.
Loden, M., 2005. The clinical benefit of moisturizers. J. European Academy Dermatol. Venereol. 19 (6), 672-688.
Lukwa, N., Nyazema, N.Z., Curtis, C.F., Mwaiko, G.L., Chandiwana, S.K., 1999. People’s perception about malaria transmission and control using mosquito repellent plants in a locality in Zimbabwe. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 45: 64.
Mashishi, M.S.K., 2002. External parasites on chickens, Animal Health for developing farmers, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Department of Agriculture. South Africa. 10-15.
Mattorano, D.A., Kupper, L.L., Nylander, F.L.A., 2004. Estimating dermal exposure to jet fuel (naphthalene) using adhesive tape srip samples. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 48, 139-46
Mbati, P.A., Hlatshwayo, M., Mtshali, M.S., Mogaswane, K.R., deWaal, T.D., Dipedu, O.O., 2002. Tick and tick borne diseases of livestock belonging to resource-poor farmers in the Eastern Free State of South Africa. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28 (1-4), 217-224.
McCorkle, C.M., Mathias, E., van Schillhorn-van-Vee, T.W., 1996. Ethno veterinary Research and Development. IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
Mervyn, L.E., 2004. Permethrin can prevent arthropod bites and stings. J. Americ. Acad. Dermatol. 51 (2), 289.
Moghaddam, M., Omidbiagi, R., Sefidkon, F., 2007. Changes in content and chemical composition of the Essential oil of Tagetes minuta L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 19 (1), 18-20.
Moreki, J.C., Poroga, B., Dikeme, R., Seabo, D., 2010. Ethonoveterinary medicine and health management in poultry in Southern and Western Districts, Botswana. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 22(6) 2010.
Moreki, J.C., 2012. Use of Ethnoveterinary Medicine in Family Poultry Health Management in Botswana: a Review. J. Vet. Adv. 2(6), 254-256.
Moyo, B., Masika, P.J., 2009. Tick control methods used resource-limited farmers and the effect of ticks on cattle in rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 517-523.
Muchadeyi, F.C., Sibanda, S., Kusina, N.T., Kusina, J., Makuza, S., 2004. The village chicken production system in Rushinga Districts of Zimbabwe. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 16 (6), 40-49.
Mungube, E.O., Bauni, S.M., Muhammend, L., Okwack, E.W., Nginyi, J.M., Mutuoki, T.K., 2006. A survey of the constraints affecting the productivity of the local scavenging chickens in the Kionyweni cluster, Machakos District. Kari Katumani Annual Report, 2006.
Mungube, E.O., Bauni, S.M., Nzooka, S.M., Wamae, L.W., 2007. Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of Eastern Kenya. Agricultural Research Institute. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 40, 101–109.
Murugaiyah, M., Ramakrishnan, P., Sharif, H., 2004. Animal health: a breakpoint in economic development? The 11th international conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and 16Th Veterinary Association Malaysia congress, 23-27 August 2004 Petaling jaya. Malaysia.
Nnadi, P.A., George, S.O., 2010. A Cross-Sectional Survey on Parasites of Chicken in Selected Villages in the subhumid Zones of South-Eastern Nigeria. J. Parasitol. Res. 141, 1-6.
Okitoi, L.O., Ondwasy, H.O., Siamba, D.N., Nkurumah, D., 2007. Traditional herbal preparations for indigenous poultry health management in Western Kenya. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 19 (5), 216-218.
Perich, M.J., Wells, C., Bertsch, W., Tredway, K.E., 1995. Isolation of the insecticidal components of Tagetes minuta (Compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults. J. American Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 11, 307-310.
Permin, A., Esmann, J.B., Hoj, C.H., Hove, T., Mukaratirwa, S., 2002. Ecto- endo- and haemoparasites in the free- range chickens in the Goromonzi District in Zimbabwe. Preventive Vet. Med. 54 (3), 213-224.
Phiri, I.K., Phiri, A.M., Ziela, M., Chota, A., Masuku, M., Monrad, J., 2007. Prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal helminthes and their effects on weight gain in free-range chickens in Central Zambia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 39, 309-315.
Price, J.F., McCord, E.J.R., Nagle, C.A., 2002. Pesticide mode of action codes to aid strawberry growers in developing control programs to manage pest resistance. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 115,178-179.
Seyoum, A., Palsson, K., Kunga, S., Kabiru, E.W., Lwande, W., Killen, G.F., Hassanali, A., Knols, B.G.J., 2002. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and the evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: Ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 96, 225-231.
Sonaiya, E.B., Swan, S.E.J., 2004. Small-scale poultry production: FAO Animal Production and Health 1, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome p.125.
Soulsby, E.J.L., 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. London, UK, Bailliere Tindall.
Spencer, J.A., Butler, J.M., Stafford, K.C., Pough, M.B., Levy, S.A., Bledsoe, D.L., Blagburn, B.L., 2003. Evaluation of Permethrin and Imidacloprid for Prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi Transmission from Blacklegged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) to Borrelia burgdorferi-free dogs. Parasitol. Res. 90,106-107
Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (2000) SPSS for windows Release 13.0 SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA.
Swatson, H.K., Nsahlai, I.V., Byebwa, B.K., 2001. The status of smallholder poultry production in the Alfred District of KZN South Africa: priorities for intervention. The Proceedings of the institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine. 10th International Conference on “livestock, Community and environment” 20-23rd August 200. Copenhagen, Denmark. p.143-149.
Terblanche, R.F., Van-Hamburg, H., 2007. The application of life history information to the conservation management of Chrysoritis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in South Africa. Koedoe. 47 (1), 55-65.
Thekisoe, M.M.O., Mbati, P.A., Bisschop, S.P.R., 2003. Diseases of free-ranging chickens in the Qwa-Qwa district of the Northeastern Free State Province of South Africa. J.S.Afr. Vet. Assoc. 74(1).
Tokman, N., Soler, C., Farre, M., Pico, Y., Barcelo, D., 2009. Determination of amitraz and its transformation products in pears by ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. chromatogr. A, 1216 (15), 3138-3146.
Waka, M., Richard, J.H., Chris, C., 2004. Ethnobotanical survey and testing of plants traditionally used against hematophagous insects in Eritrea. J. Ethnopharmacol. 95 (1), 95-101.
Wilson, R.T., 1986. Poultry production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Outlook on Agriculture. 15, 121-127.
Young, F.M., Menadue, M.F., Lavranos, T.C., 2005. Effects of insecticide amitrz, an alpha2- adrenergic receptor agonist, on human lutenised granulose cells. Hum. Reprod. 20 (11), 3018-3025.
Ziba, C., Slutsker, L., Chitsulo, L., Steketee, R.W., 1994. Use of malaria prevention measures in Malawian households. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45, 70.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 S. Moyo, P .J. Masika, B. Moyo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
