Haematologic and Biochemical Indices of Plasmodium falciparum Infected Inhabitants of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Keywords:
Haemoglobin;Packed cell volume;Erythrocyte sedimentation rate;Fasting blood sugar;Malaria;Plasmodium falciparumAbstract
The present study seeks to investigate changesin haematologic and biochemical indices of moderately P. falciparum infectedmale inhabitants of Owerri Municipality. Haematologic and biochemical indiceswere estimated by spectrophotometric methods. Haemoglobin concentrations ofmalarious subjects within age brackets of 11-20 and 21-31 years were belowreference interval; [Hb]M;11-21 years = 10.53±0.23 g/dL (p > 0.05); [Hb] M;21-31 years = 11.51±1.10 g/dL (p > 0.05). There was no significantdifference (p < 0.05) in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between thetwo malarious groups; ESRM; 11-20 years = 29.80±0.74 mm/h; ESRM; 21-31 years =26.51±1.42 mm/h. Packed cell volume (PCV) of malarious subject gave thefollowing values: PCV%M; 11-20 years = 26.82±0.78; PCV%M; 21-31 years =25.82±0.78; p < 0.05. Serum white blood cell count (WBC) was raised inmalarious subjects compared to control groups (p < 0.05) excerpt withWBC×103M; 21-30 years = 13.77±3.95; p < 0.05. Serum albumin was lower inmalarious subjects; [Albumin]M; 11-20 years = 4.70±0.05 mg/dL and [Albumin]M;21-31 years = 4.31±0.09 mg/dL; p < 0.05, whereas, serum creatinineconcentrations of malarious subjects gave higher values: [Creatinine]M; 11-20years = 0.88±0.71 mg/dL and [Creatinine]M; 21-31 years = 1.14±0.42 mg/dL; p< 0.05. Serum urea concentrations of malarious subjects were significantly(p > 0.05) higher than the corresponding non-malarious age group. Serumfasting blood sugar (FBS) was significantly (p > 0.05) lower in malariousgroups compared to corresponding non-malarious subjects. Specifically, [FBS]M;11-20 years = 63.34±1.66 mg/dL and [FBS]M; 21-31 years = 69.45±1.25 mg/dL; p> 0.05. Subjects with moderate malaria infection showed symptoms of anaemia,alterations in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism,exemplified by raised serum level of urea and low level of FBS.
References
Adesina, K.T., Balogun, O.R., Babatunde, A.S., Sanni, M.A., Fadeyi A., Aderibigbe, S., (2009). Impact of malaria parasitaemia on haematologic parameters in pregnant women at booking in Ilorin, Nigeria. Trends in Medical Research. 4, 84-90.
Afolabi, B.M. (2001). Malaria: The global scourge. Nigeria Clinic. 5, 9-12.
Ali, H.A., Ahmed, M.S.A. Jawahar, L.G. Abdulla, M.U., Nadeem, J.Y. and Hina, S.H. 2009. Hematological and biochemical changes in typhoid fever. Pakistan. J. Med. Sci. 25, 166-171.
Ali, M.S.M ., Kadaru, A.G.M. 2005, in vitro processing of donor blood with sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine for eradication of transfusion induced malaria. America J.Trop. Med. Hyg. 73(6), 1119 – 1123.
al-Yaman. F., Awburn, M.M., Clark, I.A. 1997. Serum creatinine levels ., reactive nitrogen intermediates in children with cerebral malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trans. Royal. Soc.Trop. Med Hyg. 91(3), 303-305.
Amah, U.K., Ahaneku, J.E., Usoro, C.A.O., Ezeoke, A.C.J., Okwara, J.E., Amah, A.K., Etukudo, M.H., Okwara, E.C., Amah, B.C. Comparative study of C-reactive protein and other biochemical parameters in patients with hepatitis B and malaria in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigeria J. Physiol. Sci. 26, 109 – 112.
Bartels, H., Bohmer, M., Heierli, C. 1972. Serum creatinine determination without protein precipitation. Clinica. Clin. Chim. Acta. Acta, 37, 193-197.
Baure, J.D. 1980. Laboratory investigation of hemoglobin. In: Gradwohl’s Clinical Laboratory Methods .,Diagnosis, . Editors. Sonnenwirth, A.C.,Jarett, L. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Beutler, B. and Cerami, A. 1987. Cachectio: More than a tumor necrosis factor. New. Engl. J. Med. 379-85.
Bidaki, Z.M., Dalimi, A.A. 2003. Biochemical., hematological alteration in Vivax malaria in Kahnouj city. J.Rafsanjan. U. Med. Sci. 3, 17-24.
Binh, T.Q., Davis, T.M., Johnston, W., Thu, L.T., Boston, R., Danh, P.T., Anh, T.K. 1997. Glucose metabolism in severe malaria: minimal model analysis of the intravenous glucose tolerance test incorporating a stable glucose label. Metabol. 46(12), 1435-40.
Bottiger, L.E., Svedberg, C.A. 1967. Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. Br. Med. J. 2, 85–87.
Chandra, S., Chandra, H. 2013. Role of haematological parameters as an indicator of acute malarial infection in Uttarakhand State of India. Mediterr. J.Hematol. Infect. Dis. 5(1), e2013009, DOI 10.4084/MJHID.2013.009.
Cheesbrough, M., 1998. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cheung, K. and Hchman, P.E. 1996. Methods of Analysis of Albumin: Liver Function. In: Clinical chemistry, theory, analysis and correlation. Kaplan, L.A. ., Pesce, A.J. (Eds.). 3rd Edn, Mosby, London.
Chikezie, P.C. (2009). Comparative methaemoglobin concentrations of three erythrocyte genotypes .HbAA, HbAS and HbSS, of male participants administered with five antimalarial drugs. African. J. Biochem. Res. 3(6), 266-271.
Crawly J. 2004. Reducing the burden of malaria in infants ., young children in malaria endemic countries of Africa: from evidence to action. America. J. Trop. Med.Hyg. 71 (2 Suppl), 25 -34.
Das, B.S., Nanda, N.K., Rath, P.K., Satapathy, R.N., Das, D.B. 1999. Anaemia in acute, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children from Orissa state, India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 93, 109–119.
Das, B.S., Thurnham, D.J. and Das, D.B., 1997. Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria–endemic communities. Br. J. Nutr. 78, 751-760.
Doumas, B.T., Watson, W.A. and Biggs, H.G. (1971). Albumin standard and measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta. 31, 87-96.
Dreyer, S.J. and Boden, S.D. 2003. Laboratory evaluation in neck pain. Phy. Med.Rehabilitation. Clin. N. America. 14, 589–604.
Egwunyenga, A.O., Isamah, G., Nmorsi, O.P. (2004). Lipid peroxidation ., ascorbic acid levels in Nigeria children with acute falciparum malaria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 3, 560-563.
Eiam-Omg, S. and Sitprija, V. 1998. Falciparum malaria and the kidney: a model of inflammation. American. J. Kidney. Diseases. 32, 361–375.
Emian-Ong, S. 2002. Current knowledge of falciparum malaria-induced acute renal failure. J. Med Assoc Thai. Suppl. 16, 24.
Erhart, L.M., Yingyuen, K., Chuanak, N., Buathong, N., Laoboonchai, A., Miller, R.S., Meshnick, S.R., Gasser, Jr R.A. ., Wongsrichanalai, C. 2004. Hematologic and clinical indices of malaria in a semi-immune population of western Thailand. America. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70(1), 8–14.
Ezechukwu, C., Ekejindu, E., Ugochukwu, E. and Oguatu, M. (2004). Congenitally acquired malaria in hyperendemic area. A Cohort study: Trop. J. Med. Res. 8(2), 44-48.
Facer, C.A. 1994. Hematological aspects of malaria. In: Infection and Hematology. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd.
Fawcett, J.K., Scott, J.E. 1960. A rapid ., precise method for the determination of urea. J. Clin. Pathol. 13, 156-159.
Gu¨nther, A. Burchard, G. D. Slevogt, H. Abel, W., Grobusch, M. P. 2002. Renal dysfunction in falciparum–malaria is detected more often when assessed by serum concentration of cystatin C instead of creatinine. Trop. Med. Inter. Health. 7(11), 931–934.
Idonije, O.B., Festus, O., Okhiai, O., Akpamu, U. 2011. Comparative study of the status of a biomarker of lipid peroxidation .malondialdehyde. in patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infection. Asian. J. Biol. Sci. 4, 506-513.
Ikekpeazu, E.J., Neboh, E.E. Maduka, I.C. Nwagbara, I.J., Nwobodo, M.W. 2010. Type-2 diabetes mellitus and malaria parasitemia: Effect on liver function tests. Asian. J. Med. Sci. 2(5), 214-217.
Joseph, V., Varma, M., Vidhyasagar, S., Mathew, A. 2011. Comparison of the clinical profile and complications of mixed malarial infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax versus Plasmodium falciparum mono-infection. Sultan Qaboos University. Med. J. 11(3), 377–382.
Kayode, O.T. Kayode, A.A.A., Awonuga, O.O. 2011. Status of selected hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria and malaria-typhoid co-infection. J. Biol. Sci. 11, 367-373.
Kazmierczack, S.C., 1996. Methods of analysis of creatinine, urea, total protein, inorganic phosphate, calcium and pH.: renal function. In: Clinical Chemistry, Theory, Analysis and Correlation, Kaplan, L.A. and A.J. Pesce, (Eds.). 3rd Edn. Mosby, London.
Krotoski, W.A., W.E. Collins, R.S. Bray, P.C. Garnham and F.B. Cogswell et al., 1982. Demonstration of hypozoites in sporozoite transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. America. J. Trop. Med.Hyg. 31, 1291-1293.
Kwena, A., Wakhisi, J. and Mambo, F. 2012. Possible Biochemical Markers in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infected Children with or without Malnutrition at Webuye and Eldoret, Western Kenya. Adv. Bioresearch. 3(2), 49 – 54.
Kwiatkoski, D., Cannon, J.G., Manogue, K.R, et al.1989. TNF production in falciparum malaria and its association with schizont rupture. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 77, 391-396.
Maina, R.N, Walsh, D., Gaddy, C., Hongo, G., Waitumbi, J., Otieno, L., Jones, D. and Ogutu, B.R. 2010. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on haematological parameters in children living in Western Kenya. M. J. 9, S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-S3-S4.
Malcolm, L. and Brigden, M.D. (1999). Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. American Family Physician. 60(5), 1443-1450.
Martin, D.W. 1983. Blood plasma., clotting. In: Martin, D.W., Mayes, P. A., Rodwell, V.W. editors. Harper’s Review of Biochemistry. 9th ed. California: Lange. Med. Publ.
Menendez, C., Fleming, A.F., Alonso, P.L. 2000. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitology Today. 16, 469–476.
Mishra, S.K., Mohaptra, S., Mohantu, S., Patel, N.C., Mohaptra, D. N. 2002. Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria. J. Indian. Acad. Clin. Med. 3, 141-147.
Mizushima, Y., Kato, H., Ohmae, H., Tanaka, T., Bobogare, A., Ishii, A. 1994. Prevalence of malaria ., its relationship to anaemia, blood glucose levels and serum somatomedin C (IGF-1) levels in the Solomon Islands. Acta. Trop. 58(3-4), 207-210.
Mockenhaupt, F., Ehrhardt, S., Burkhardt, J., Bosomtive, S., Laryea, S., Anemana, S., Otchwemah, R., Cramer, J., Dietz, E., Gellert, S. and Bienzle, U. 2004. Manifestation ., outcome of severe malaria in children in Northern Ghana. America. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71(2): 167-172.
Mönig, H., Marquardt, D., Arendt, T., Kloehn, S. 2002. Limited value of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate as an indicator of malignancy. Fam. Pract. (5), 436-438.
National Committee for Clinical Standards. 1993. Reference procedure for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test, 3rd ed. H2-A3. Villanova, Pa. NCCLS.
Ogbodo, S. O., Okeke, A. C., Obu, H. A, Shu, E.N. and Chukwurah E.F. 2010. Nutritional status of parasitemic children from malaria endemic rural communities in eastern Nigeria. Curr. Pediatr. Res. 14(2), 131-135.
Onyesom, I., Agho, J.E. 2011. Changes in serum glucose and triacylglycerol levels induced by the co-administration of two different types of antimalarial drugs among some malarial patients in Edo-Delta Region of Nigeria. Asian J.Sci. Res. 4, 78-83.
Onyesom, I., Onyemakonor, N. 2011. Levels of parasitaemia and changes in some liver enzymes among malarial infected patients in Edo-Delta Region of Nigeria. Curr. Res. J. Biolog. Sci 3(2), 78-81.
Onyesom, I., Ekeanyanwu, R.C., Achuka, N. 2010. Correlation between moderate Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasitaemia and antioxidant vitamins in serum of infected children in South Eastern Nigeria. African J.Biochem. Res. 4(12), 261-264.
Perrin, L.H., Mackey, L.J., Miescher, P.A. 1982. The hematology of malaria in man. Semin Hematology. 19, 70–82.
Phillips, R.E., Pasvo, G. 1992. Anaemia of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Baillieres. Clin. Haematol. 5, 315–330.
Price, R.N., Simpson, J.A., Nosten, F., Luxemburger, C., Hkirjaroen, L., Kuile, F., Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T., White, N.J. 2001. Factors contributing to anaemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. America. J.Trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 614–622.
Richards, M.W., Behrens, R.H., Doherty, J.F. 1998. Short report: Hematologic changes in acute, imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria. America. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 859.
Rojanasthien, S., Surakamolleart, V., Boonpucknavig, S., Isarangkura, P. 1992. Hematological and coagulation studies in malaria. J.Med. Assoc. Thai. 75, 190–194.
Scuderi, P., Sterling, K., Lamks, S. 1986. Raised serum levels of TNF in parasitic infections. Lancet. 2, 1364-1365.
Selvam, R., Baskaran, G., 1996. Hematological impairments in recurrent Plasmodium vivax infected patients. Japan. J.Med. Sci.Biology. 49, 151–165.
Sitprija, V., 1988. Nephrology in Falciparum malaria. Kidney. Int. 34, 867-877.
Strickland, G.T. 1991. Life cycle of malaria parasite. In: Tropical Medicine. 7th Edn, W.B. Saunders, USA, 586-601.
Sumbele, I.U.N., Theresa, N.A. Samje, M. Ndzeize, T. Ngwa, E.M., Titanji, V.P.K., 2010. Hematological changes and recovery associated with untreated and treated plasmodium falciparum infection in children in the mount Cameroon region. J.Clin. Med. Res. 2, 143-151.
Supcharoen, O., Widjaja, H., Ali, K.B., Kitayaporn, D., Pukrittayakamee, S., Wilairatana, P Sathawarawong, W., 1992. A study of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in malaria. J. Infect. Dis. Anti. Microbrobial. Agents. 9(4), 193-199.
Tracy, J.W., Webster, L.T. 2001. Drugs used in the chemotherapy of protozoan infections. In: (Adam, J.G., Limbird, L.E. and Gilman, A.G. (Eds). Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill, U.S.A.
Udosen, E.O., 2003. Malaria treatment using oral Medkafin: Changes in biochemical and hematological parameters in Nigerian children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Orient, J. Med. 15, 12-22.
van den Broek, N.R., Letsky, E.A. 2008. Pregnancy ., the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. BJOG: An Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 108(11), 1164–1167. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2003.00267.x.
WHO .2005. Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs: report on global monitoring, 1996–2004.WHO/HTM/MAL/2005.1103.
WHO . 2008. Severe P. falciparum malaria. Transaction. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med.Hyg. 94, 51-59.
Wickramasinghe, S.N., Abdalla, S.H. 2000. Blood and bone marrow changes in malaria. Baillieres. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 13, 277–299.
WMA., 2000. World medical association declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. 52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 J.O. Akaninwor, E.B. Essien, P.C. Chikezie, R.T. Okpara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
