Genetics and its role in the control of animal diseases: A brief review
Keywords:
Control, Diseases resistance, Genetics, Genes.Abstract
Veterinary genetics is an emerging branch of genetics which has strong potential application in the control and prevention of livestock disease. Unlike the other methods, control of animal disease through genetic means would be cost effective and does not require continuous investment. This is due to the fact that once a desirable genetic resource is identified and/or achieved, it can be exploited for several generations without any additional input. In the present review, two general approaches or principles to be considered in the control of livestock disease through genetic means are reviewed. The first one is exploitation of the hosts genetic resource, which could be achieved through selection and propagation of those animals having no genetic defects and naturally resistant to a particular disease. Such animals can be prepared through use of transgenic animal technology in which genes for disease resistance have been incorporated. The second approach is genetic control of pathogens by employing several techniques. This includes control of vectors using conventional sterile insect release method, Y-autosome translocation or use of compound chromosomes, and identification and cloning of genes in pathogens responsible for the production of potent antigens which can be used in vaccine development via the application of recombinant DNA technology. Selecting cattle most resistant to the development of infectious diseases will decrease costs of production and should therefore be included in the overall breeding objective.
References
Abdela, N., 2016. Important cattle ticks and tick born Haemoparasitic disease in Ethiopia: A review. Acta. Parasitol. Glob., 7(1), 12-20.
Abdela, N., 2017. Sero-prevalence, risk factors and distribution of foot and mouth disease in Ethiopia. Acta. Trop., 169, 125-132.
Abdela, N., Bekele, T., 2016. Bovine theileriosis and its control: A review. Adv. Biol. Res., 10(4), 200-212.
Abdela, N., Jilo, K., 2016. Bovine Babesiosis and its current status in Ethiopia: A review. Adv. Biol. Res., 10(3), 138-146.
Agyemang, K., Dwinger, R.H., Little, D.A., Rowlands, G.J., 1997. Village N’Dama cattle production in west Africa: Six years of research in the Gambia. Nairobi, International Livestock Research Institute and Banjul, International Trypano Tolerance Centre.
Albert, B., Boothe, M., 1998. Resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents. In: The Merk veterinary manual; 8th ed, Mark and Inc. USA. 1743-1745.
Archibald, A.L., 2003. Molecular biology approaches and their possible applications. In. Breeding for disease resistant in farm animals UK. 100-123.
Axford, R.F.E., Owen, J.B., 1990. Strategies for disease control. In. Breeding for diseases. Resistance in farm animals, UK. 3-10.
Baker, R.L., 1998. Genetic resistance to endoparasites in sheep and goats. A review of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasite in sheep and goat in the tropics and evidence for disease in some sheep and goat breeds in sub-humid coastal Kenya. Anim. Genet. Resour. Inform., 24, 13-30.
Bakri, A., Heather, N., Hendrichs, J., Ferris, I., 2005. Fifty years of radiation biology in entomology: lessons learned from IDIDAS. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 98(1), 1-2.
Berry, D.P., Bermingham, M.L., Good, M., More, S.J., 2011. Genetics of animal health and disease in cattle. Irish Vet. J., 64(1), 5.
Berthier, D., Chantal, I., Thévenon, S., Marti, J., Piquemal, D., Maillard, J.C., 2006. Bovine transcriptome analyis by SAGE technology during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1081, 286-299.
Bishop, S.C., Mackenzie, K.M., 2003. Genetic management strategies for controlling infectious diseases in livestock populations. Genet. Sel. Evol., 35, 1-9.
Bishop, S.C., Woolliams, J.A., 2014. Genomics and disease resistance studies in livestock. Livest. Sci., 166, 190-198.
Bock, R.E., Kingston, T.G., de Vos, A.J., 1999. Effect of breed of cattle on transmission rate and innate resistance to infection with Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina transmitted by Boophilus microplus. Aust. Vet. J. 77(7), 461-464.
Cheng, H.H., 2005. Integrated genomic approaches to understanding resistance to Marek’s disease. In. Lamont, S.J., Rothschild, M.F., Harris, D.L., (eds.). Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Genetics of Animal Health, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, July 13-15.
Christophides, G.K., 2005. Transgenic mosquitoes and malaria transmission. Cell. Microbiol., 7, 325-333.
Clark, J., Whitelaw, B., 2003. A future for transgenic livestock. Nat. Rev. Genet., 4(10), 825-833.
Coleman, P.G., Alphey, L., 2004. Genetic control of vector populations and imminent prospect. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9(4), 433-437.
Duncan, J.R., 1999. Veterinary laboratory medicine. 2nd ed lowa State University Press. 254p.
Eide, D.M., 1997. Transgenic Animals. The Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Information Sciences.
Hanotte, O., Ronin, Y., Agaba, M., Nilsson, P., Gelhaus, A., Horstmann, R., Sugimoto, Y., Kemp, S., Gibson, J., Korol, A., Soller, M., Teale, A., 2003. Mapping of quantitative tait loci controlling trypanotolerance in a cross of tolerant west African N’Dama and susceptible east African Boran cattle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 100(134), 7443-7448.
Hassan, M.K., Afify, M.A., Aly, M.M., 2004. Genetic resistance of Egyptian Chichens to infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 36(1), 1-9.
Jørgensen, C.B., Cirera, S., Anderson, S.I., Archibald, A.L., Raudsepp, T., Chowdhary, B., Edfors-Lilja, I., Andersson, L., Fredholm, M., 2003. Linkage and comparative mapping of the locus controlling susceptibility towards E. coli F4ab/ac diarrhea in pigs. Cytogenet. Genome Res., 102(1-4), 157-162.
Leta, S., Habtamu, Y., Alemayehu, G., Shigute, B.A., 2015. Analysis of habitat suitability for the major tsetse species in Ethiopia using high resolution environmental data sets and Maxent modeling technique. National symposium on “Trends and challenges in adoption of science, technology and innovation in local development endeavors” Wollega University. 32p.
Lewin, H.A., 1996. Genetic organization, polymorphism, and function of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. In: The major hostocompatibility complex region of domestic animal species (Schook, L.B. and Lamont, S.J.). CRC series in Comparative Immunology: CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Chapter 4, 65-98.
Lunney, J., 2005. In search for disease resistant pigs. National Hog Farmer, https://www.nationalhogfarmer.com/ mag/farming_search_diseaseresistant_pigs
McCreath, K.J., Howcroft, J., Campbell, K.H., Colman, A., Schnieke, A.E., Kind, A.J., 2000. Production of gene targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nat., 405(6790), 1066-1069.
Roberts, J.A., Estuningsih, E., Widjayanti, S., Wiedosari, E., Partoutomo, S., Spithill, T.W., 1997. Resistance of Indonesian thin tail sheep against Fasciola gigantic and Fasciola hepatica. Vet. Parasitol., 68(1-2), 69-78.
Rothschild, M.F., 2004. Porcine genomics new tools and results: This little piggy did more than just go to market. Genet. Res., 83(1), 1-6.
Rupp, R., Boichard, H., 2003. Genetics of resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet. Res., 34(5), 671-688.
Schukken, Y.H., Leslie, K.E., Barnum, D.A., Mallard, B.A., Lumsden, J.H., Dick, P.C., Vessie, G.H., Kehrli, M.E., 1999. Experimental Staphylococcus aurous intra mammary Challenge in late lactation dairy cows, Quarter and cow effects determining the probability of infection. J. Dairy Sci., 82, 2393-2401.
Springbett, A.J., MacKenzie, K., Woolliams, J.A., Bishop, S.C., 2003. The contribution of genetic diversity to the spread of infectious diseases in livestock populations. Genet., 65(3), 1465-1474.
Todhunter, D.A., Smith, K.L., Hogan, J.S., 1995. Environmental streptococcal intra mammary infections of the bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci., 78, 2366-2374.
Tompkins, S.M., Lo, C.Y., Tumpey, T.M., Epstein, S.L., 2004. Protection against lethal influenza virus challenge by RNA interference in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 101(23), 8682-8686.
Wheeler, M.B., et al., 2008. Animal and plant transformation: The application of transgenic organisms in agriculture. Illinois Research (1991): College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Enviromental Science, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign. 19 June, http://www.ag.uiuc.ed/~vista/html pups/irspsm91/transfor.htmpdf
Woolaston, R.R., Windon, R.G., 2001. Selection of sheep for response to Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae: Genetic parameter. Anim. Sci., 73(1), 41-48.
Yonash, N., Bacon, L.D., Witter, R.L., Cheng, H.H., 1999. High resolution mapping and identification of new quantitative traits loci (QTL) affecting susceptibility to Marek’s disease. Anim. Genet., 30(2), 126-135.
