In vivo lavicidal effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder on pigs artificially infected with gastointestinal nematode larvae
Keywords:
Anthelminthic resistance, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichostrongylus colubriformisAbstract
Anthelminthic resistance due to the mismanagement of conventional drugs remains a major constraint in eradicating gastrointestinal parasites, hence the need for alternatives drugs which are more ecofriendly and affordable. This paper evaluated the In vivo lavicidal effect of ginger Zingiber officinale in pigs experimentally infected with association of Strongyloides ransomi, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Globocephalus urosubulatus L3 larvae. The experiment, conducted at the teaching and research farm of the University of Dschang consisted of 12 pigs divided into two treatment groups (the control group, T0 and the treated group, T1). The control group (T0) was infected with 2650L3 larvae and was not treated. The treated group (T1) was infected with 2650L3 larvae and treated with 500g of ginger powder. Six weeks after infection, faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of all the pigs to determine the presence of eggs, the faecal egg count, and also to carry out larval culture. Ginger powder reduced the shedding of eggs in Strongyloides ransomi and strongylid parasites by 12.9% and 53.4% respectively. The mean log10 EPG in the untreated group was also significantly higher than that in the treated group. The L3 larvae obtained after larval culture were of the same species as those used to infect the pigs. The larvae cultures showed that ginger reduced the shedding of eggs in Strongyloides ransomi, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Globocephalus urosubulatus by 32.97%, 18.84%, 9.46%, and 17.41% respectively. The mean L3 nematode larvae cultured in the treated group was significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the untreated group for Strongyloides ransomi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. In conclusion, ginger powder reduced the shedding of eggs of all the studied nematode species, and the eggs shed were viable. In order to definitely conclude on the effect of ginger powder on these nematodes in pigs, further studies on the duration of treatment and the active compound in ginger powder are required.
References
Al-Shaibani, I., Phulan, M., Shiekh, M., 2009. Anthelmintic activity of Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Int. J. Agr. Biol., 11, 431-436.
Bachaya, H.A., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.K., Jabbar, A., Gilani, A.H., Din, I.U., 2009. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Terminalia arjuna bark. Int. J. Agr. Biol., 11, 273-278.
Barger, I.A., 1993. Influence of sex and reproductive status on susceptibility of ruminants to nematode parasitism. Int. J. Parasitol., 23(4), 463-469.
Barrau, E., Fabre, N., Fouraste, I., Hoste, H., 2005. Effect of bioactive compounds from Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) on the in vitro larval migration of Haemonchus contortus: role of tannins and flavonol glycosides. Parasitol., 131(4), 531-538.
Boes, J., Willingham, A.L., Fuhui, S., Xuguang, H., Eriksen, L., Nansen, P., Stewart, B., 2000. Prevalence and distribution of pig helminths in the Dongting Lake Region (Hunan Province) of the People's Republic of China. J. Helminthol., 74(1), 45-52.
Brunet, S., Jackson, F., Hoste, H., 2008. Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) extract and monomers of condensed tannins on the association of abomasal nematode larvae with fundic explants. Int. J. Parasitol., 38(7), 783-790.
Cheng, G., Hao, H., Xie, S., Wang, X., Dai, M., Huang, L., Yuan, Z., 2014. Antibiotic alternatives: the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Front. Microbiol, 5, 217.
Deeba, F., Muhammad, G., Iqbal, Z., Hussain, I., 2009. Survey of ethno-veterinary practices used for different ailments in dairy animals in peri urban areas of Faisalabad (Pakistan). Int. J. Agr. Biol., 11, 535-541.
El-Sayed, N., Safar, E., 2014. A brief insight on anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of some medicinal plants. Aperit. J. Bacteriol. Virol. Parasitol., 1, 107.
Ghayur, M., Gilani, A., 2005. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of ginger in gastrointestinal disorders. Dig. Dis. Sci., 50(10), 1889-1897.
Hayajneh, F.M., Titi, H.H., Alnimer, M.A., Irshaid, R., 2019. Evaluation of anthelmintics resistance against gastrointestinal parasites infection in Awassi sheep in Jordan and the use of alternative herbal anthelmentics. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 14(2), 122-126.
Hoste, H., Jackson, F., Athanasiadou, S., Thamsborg, M., Hoskin, S.O., 2006. The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants. Trend. Parasitol., 22(6), 253-261.
Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Akhtar, M., Ghayur, M., Gilani, A., 2006. In vivo anthelmintic activity of ginger against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. J. Ethnopharmacol., 106(2), 285-287.
Joachim, A., Dulmer, N., Dangschies, A., Roepstorff, A., 2001. Occurrence of helminths in pig fattening units with different management systems in Northern Germany. Vet. Parasitol., 96, 135-146.
Kagira, J., Waruiru, R., Munyua, W., Kanyari, P., 2003. Resistance to anthelmintics in commercial pig herds in Thika district, Kenya. Israel J. Vet. Med., 58(1), 31-36.
Kiambom, T., 2017. Prevalence and intensity of infestations with gastrointestinal parasites in pigs in the Mezam division of the north-west region of Cameroon. Master Thesis, University of Dschang, 94p.
Kouam, M.K., Ngueguim, F.D., Kantzoura, V., 2018. Internal parasites of pigs and worm control practices in bamboutos, western highlands of Cameroon. J. Parasitol. Res., 1-10.
Lin, R., Chen, C., Lee, J., Lu, C., Chung, L., Yen, C., 2010. Larvicidal constituents of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Anisakis simplex. Plant. Med., 76(16), 1852-1858.
MAFF, 1986. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Ed, reference book 418.HMSO, London.
Moazeni, M., Nazer, A., 2011. In-vitro lethal effect of Zingiber officinale on protoscolices of hydatid cyst from sheep liver. Microbiol. Res., 2(25), 91-94.
Mutua, S., Ng’ang’a, J., Karuga, J., 2010. Characteristics of the small holder free-range pig production system in Western Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42(5), 865-873.
Neal, M., 2002. Medical pharmacology at a glance. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 88-89.
Nganga, C., Karanja, D., Mutu, M.N., 2008. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in pigs in Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 40, 331-334.
Pamo, T., Boukila, B., Fonteh, F., Tendonkeng, F., Kana, J.R., 2005. Composition chimique et effet de la supplémentation avec Calliandra calothyrsus et Leucaena leucocephala sur la production laitière et la croissance des chevreaux nains de Guinée. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 17(3).
Permin, A., Yelifari, L., Bloch, P., Steenhard, N., Hansen, N., Nansen, P., 1999. Parasites in cross-bred pigs in the Upper East region of Ghana. Vet. Parasitol., 87, 63-71.
Qian, D., Liu, Z., 1992. Pharmacologic studies of antimotion sickness actions of ginger. Chin. J. Integrat. Tradit. West. Med., 12(2), 95-98.
Roepstorff, A., Nansen, P., 1998. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of helminth parasites of swine. FAO, Rome(Italy). Anim. Prod. Health Div., 3.
Seli, E., Arici, A., 2002. Sex steroids and the immune system. Immunol. Allergy Clin., 22(3), 407-433.
Sindhu, Z., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N., Jonsson, N.N., Siddique, M., 2010. Documentation of ethnoveterinary practices used for treatment of different ailments in a selected hilly area of Pakistan. Int. J. Agr. Biol., 12(3), 353-358.
Soulsby, E., 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domestic animals. 7th ed., 790p. Balliere Tindall, 1st Annes. Road, East bourne, East Sussex BN21.
Stewart, B., Hoyt, P., 2006. Internal parasites of swine: In diseases of swine, 9th edition. Straw, B.E., Zimmerman, J.J., Allaire, S.D., Taylor, J.D., Eds, Ames, Iowa, 901-910.
