Various factors influencing birth weight in animal production

Abstract

This is a review article that looks at various factors that influence birth weight in animal production.  Birth weight is an important indicator of potential growth of an animal and is affected by both genetic and non-genetic factor, and the birth size depends on their interaction.  Environmental conditions such as kind and quality of feed and details of management may have an influence on birth weight in livestock production.  In order to minimize the adverse effects of factors that influence birth weight, it is perhaps important to understand the implications of different mechanisms, how and why they affect birth weight.  Low birth weight than optimum is the main factor that determine the pre weaning losses of young ones and large birth have been associated with difficult birth. Traditional measures to ameliorate birth associated negative effects should also focus on maternal dietary manipulation which may influence optimum birth weight.  Nutritional programs designed to improve dam’s body condition during pregnancy  will have a positive  influence on birth weight of progeny. A good knowledge of genetic parameters is essential to develop accurate selection indices and to optimally design breeding programs and performance recording systems for maximum economic gain or profit from growth traits. Estimates of genetic parameters for birth weight  is model dependent and ignoring of maternal genetic effect in the model leads to overestimation of direct heritability for birth weight. Estimates of direct and maternal heritability for birth weight in different species have been reported and vary from low to high. The review article therefore, concludes that the large variability of birth weight in livestock species suggests that many factors or conditions may be responsible for this variation. The reported low heritability estimates for birth weight may be explained by the poor nutritional levels of dams creating a large environmental variation.