Micro-irrigation systems, automation and fertigation in citrus
Keywords:
Acid lime, Citrus, Irrigation scheduling, Drip irrigation, Micro-irrigation, Fertigation, Nagpur mandarin, fruit yield, Quality fruits, Water use, productivity, ReviewAbstract
Citrus is number one group of fruits grown in more than 140 countries in the world. Micro-irrigation systems and fertigation management is one of the main concerns of the modem citrus fruit production irrespective of availability of soil, water and fertilizer resources. A variety of recommendations have emerged world over on irrigation systems and fertigation based on soil and leaf analysis of the nutrients, evapo-transpiration and water use pattern. The research review of literature has revealed best promising results on irrigation scheduling based on depletion pattern of soil available water content, irrigation systems and fertigation. Various micro-irrigation systems have established their superiority over traditionally used flood irrigation with micro-jets having little edge over rest of the others. Similarly, fertigation has shown good responses on growth, yield, quality and uniform distribution pattern of applied nutrients within the plant rootzone compared to band placement involving comparatively localized fertilization. Automated fertigation in citrus orchards is a new concept, which would be the only solitary choice amongst many irrigation monitoring methods in near future. The present status of the review on micro-irrigation and fertigation in citrus cultivars is clearly indicated in this article.
References
Autkar, V.N., Kolte, S.O., Bagade, T.R., 1988. Distribution of active rooting zones in Nagpur mandarin and estimates of WR for Vertisoles of Maharashtra. Ann. Pl. Physiol. 2 (2), 219 -222.
Azzena, M; Deidda, P. and Dettori, 1988. Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation for young Valencia orange trees. Proc. Sixth Intern. Citrus Cong., Tel Aviv, Israel, Vol. 2,pp. 747-751.
Beridze, T.R., 1990. The effect of organic fertilizers on lemon tree productivity. Sub tropicheskie Kul’tury, (3), 83-86.
Berreda, D.G.We, Busto, A. De. L., Cebolla, V., Ferrer, P., 1996. Herbigation through drip irrigation system in citrus orchard in spain. Proc. 2nd Futer. Weed Congress, Copenhagon, Denmark. 25-28 June, 1996.
Bielorai, H., Deshberg , Erner and Brum, M. 1984. The effect of fertigation and partial wetting of the rootzone on production of shamouti orange.Proc. Int. Soc. of Citriculture, Vol.1pp.118-120.
Bolden, J.L., Fay, K.B., Miller, R.N., 1985. Computer based feed back system for the care and management of citrus groves. Proc. of Ame. Soc.of Agril. Engg. conference held at Chicago during 25-28th February, 1985, pp 90-95.
Boman, B.J. and Parsons, L.R., 1998. Microsprinkler selection consideration for humid region tree crop. ASAE Annual International meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA,p-16.
Boman, B. J.and Brian,P.J., 1992. Effect of soil moisture depletion levels on Navel orange on micro-irrigated flat woods. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Sci. 105 , 66-70.
Capra, A.and Nicosia, O.U.D., 1987. Irrigation management in citrus orchards. Irrigazine. 34 (1) , 3-15.
Castel, J.R., Buj, A., and Ramos, C., 1989. Comparison of drip and border irrigation of mature Salustina orange trees. Investigation Agraria, Production Y Protection Vegetables 4 (3) , 393-412.
Castel, J.R., Lidon, A.L., Ginestar, C., Ramos, C., 1994. Yield, growth and nitrate leaching in drip irrigated citrus tree under different fertigation treatments. 17th ICIW European Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Varna, Bulgaria, May 16-22, 1994.
Cavazza, D., 1991. Farm automation of irrigation systems in open - field and greenhouse crops. Irrigazione et al. Drenaggio. 38 (4) , 21-26.
Cevik, B and Yazar, A., 1985. A new irrigation systems for orchards (bubbler irrig.). Doga Bilim Dergisi, 9(3), 419-424.
Choate, R.E., Harrison, D.S., 1968. Irrigation by the accounting method. Citrus Veg. Mag. 32 (1) , 10-14.
Dasberg, S., 1995. Drip and spray irrigation of citrus orchards in Israel.In microirrigation for a changing world:Conserving resources/Preserving the environment.Proc.5th Int. Microirrigation Congress, Orlando, Florida,U.S.A.April,2-6,1995,pp. 281-287.
Dasberg, S.and Erner, Y., 1996. The effect of irrigation management and nitrogen application on yield and quality of mineola mandarins. Proc. 2nd Inter. Symp. on Irrigation of Hort. Crops. Greece. Sept. 9-13 ,1996.
Faton, J., 1970. Drip irrigation at Yuma. Citrog. 55, 173-175
Favetta, G.M. 1998. Choice of the most suitable irrigation equation for citrus. Laranja. 19(2) , 331-342.
Ferguson, J.J, Davies, F.S., Bulger, J.M., 1990. Fertigation and growth of young `Sunburst’ tangerine trees. Proc. Fla. Stat. Hort. Sci. 103, 8-9.
Foguet, J.L., Gonzatez, J.L., Vinkiguerra, H., Blanco, A.S., Hernandez, C., 1998. The influence of supplementary irrigation on growth and production of Valencia orange. Advance Agroindustrial 18 (73) , 9-13.
Fouche, P.S., Bester, D.H., 1986. The influence of water soluble fertilizer on nutrition and productivity of Navel orange trees under microjet irrigation. Citrus and Sub-tropical fruit J. 62, 8-12.
Fritz, W.D., 1970. Citrus cultivation and fertigation. RUHR, Stickstoff A.G., Bochum.
Garcia Petillo, M., 1995. Effect of different irrigation times on citrus yield and quality. Boletin de Investigation-facwand de Agronomia, University de la Repbulica 47 , 23.
Genestar, C., Castel, J.R., 1995. Use of stem dendrometer of waterstress in drip irrigation. Proc. 2nd international Symp. on Sensors in Hort. No. 421pp. 209-219.
Grieve, A.M., 1988. Water use efficiency of micro-irrigated Citrus. Proc. 4th Intern. micro-irrigation congress, Oct 23-28, 1988. Albury- Nodonga, Australia Vol.2.
Haynes, R.J., 1985. Principles of fertilizer use for trickle irrigated crops. Fert. Res. 6, 235-255.
Haynes, R.J. 1988. Comparison of fertigation with Broad cast applications of Urea-N on levels of available soil nutrients and on growth and yield of trickle irrigated peppers. Scientia Hort. 35, 189-198.
Intrigliolo, F., Conglione, L., Germana, C., 1992. Effect of fertigation on some physiological parameters in orange trees. Proc. of Inter Soc. of Citriculture. cultural practices, disease and their control, 7th Inter. Citrus Congress, Italy 8-19 March, 1992. Inter. Soc. of Citriculture.Vol.2,pp. 584-589.
Jackson, J.L., Ferguson F.J., 1981. Computerized irrigation scheduling. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Sci. 93, 5-6.
Jaspal Singh, Singh, A.K., Jain S., Garg, R., Mathur, I.N., 1990. Microsprinklers performance evaluation and constraint for its adoption. Proc. 11th Int. Cong.Use of Plastics in Agril., New Delhi, 26th Feb. - 2nd March, 1990.
Kanber, R., Koksal, H., Ouder, S.and Eyten, M., 1996. Effect of different irrigation methods of yield, evapotranspiration and root development of young orange trees. Turkish J. Agri. &Forestry 20(2) , 163-172.
Koo, R.C.J, and Smjstrala, A.G., 1984. Effect of trickle irrigation and fertigation on fruit production and fruit quality of Valencia orange. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Sci, 97,8-10.
Kumar, A.P.A. and Bojappa, K.M., 1994. Studies on the effect of drip irrigation on yield and quality of fruit in sweet oranges and economy in water use. Mysore J. Agri. Sci. 28(4) , 338-344.
Lombard, S., 1994. Fertigation of young citrus trees. Inligtinge Bulletin, Institute vir Tropiese on Subtroplese gewasse 262 , 10-11.
Madrid, R., Canovas, J., Lacomba, R.F., Cano, J.A., Lorente, J., and Bernal, P. 1989. Relationship between physical parameters during fruit development of oranges (cv. Valencia late) influence of irrigation method. ITFA, Production Vegetable. 20(85) , 23-26.
Madrid, R,Lacomba, R.F. , Egea, C and Amo, M.L. 1995. Effect of irrigation systems on fruit quality of orange cv.(Valencia late ) : evaluation of chemical parameter ; ITEA production vegetable 91 (3), 197 – 206.
Marler, T.E., Davies, F.S., 1989. Microsprinkler irrigation scheduling and pattern effects on growth of young Hanilin orange trees.Proc.Fla .State.Hort. Sci. 102, 57-60.
Marler, T.E., Davies, R.S., 1990. Microsprinkler irrigation and growth of young Hamlin’ orange trees. J. Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci. 115 (1), 45-51.
Marsh, A.W., 1968. Automatic tensiometer signaled irrigation systems for orchards. Calif.Citrog. 54 , 2-12.
Muller, J., Kolter, K., Algohang, S., Hegaxi, A., 1998. Solar powered drip irrigation in Egypt. Landtechnik 53(3) , 138-139.
Ozsan, M., Tekinel, O, Tuzcu, O., Cevik, B., 1983. Studies on determining the most efficient irrigation method for growing lemons under cukurova conditions. Doga Bilim Dergisi Dz, Tarim Ve Ormancilik. 7 (1), 63-69.
Plessis, S.F.Du. 1985. Irrigation of citrus. Citrus and Sub tropical Fruit J. 614 ,12.
Pyle, K.R. 1985. An appraisal of micro-irrigation for use in citrus with an emphasis on drip irrigation. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit J., 612, 4-7.
Raciti, G., Scuderi, A., 1977. Drip irrigation trial in citrus orchard. Proc. Int. Soci. Citriculture Vol. 3 pp.1040-1045.
Raciti, G., Barbagallo, A., 1982. Localized irrigation in lemon forcing. Informatore Agravio 38 (41), 22887-22891.
Rondey, D.R., Roth, R.L., Gardner, B.R., 1977. Citrus response to irrigation methods. Proc. Int. Soc. of Citriculture,Vol. 1 pp.106-110.
Rumayor-Rodriguez, A., Bravo-Lonzano, A., 1991. Effects of three systems and levels of irrigating apple trees. Scientia Hort. 47, 67-75.
Sagee, O., Hasday, D., Seligmann, R., Adamov, J., Erez, A., 1995. Design and installations of a low cost weighing minilysimeter system and its use for controlling irrigation in green houses and physiological experimence in citrus. Alon Hanolea, 48(7) , 332-338.
Sardo, V., 1992. Citrus irrigation in Italy-L. irrigazine degliagenumi in italia. Rivista di Fruntcti colatre C di Ortofloricultra 54(2) , 32-36.
Sardo, V., 1996. Simplified automatic management of irrigation. In proceedings of the International society of citriculture. Volume 2 cultural practices, diseases and their control , 7th International Citrus Congress, Acireale, Italy, March, 8-13. 1992.
Scuderi, A., Raciti, G., 1978. Citrus trickle irrigation trials. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture, p.244.
Shirgure, P.S., Lallan Ram, Marathe, R.A., Yadav, R.P., 1999. Effect of Nitrogen fertigation on vegetative growth and leaf nitrogen content of acid lime. Indian J. of Soil Cons., 27(1) , 45– 49.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2000a. Water management in citrus – A review. Agri. Rev., 21 (4), 223-230.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2000b. Automatic drip irrigation system in Nagpur mandarin. Abstract IXth International Society of Citriculture Congress held at Florida (USA) on 3-7 December, 2000, p.141
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2000c. Micro-jet irrigation systems improve growth, water use and fruit quality in acid lime. Abstract IXth International Society of Citriculture Congress held at Florida (USA) on 3-7 December, 2000, p.142.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2001a. Effect of pan evaporation based irrigation scheduling on yield and quality of drip irrigated Nagpur mandarin. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 71 (4 ),264-266, April, 2001.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2001b. Growth, yield and quality of Nagpur mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco ) in relation to irrigation and fertigation. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 71(8 ), 547-50, August, 2001.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2001c. Effect of nitrogen fertigation and band placement fertilizer application on soil -leaf nutrient build-up and incremental growth of acid lime. J. Soil and Water Cons., 45 (3&4) , 176-181.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2001d. Effect of drip, microjets and basin irrigation method on growth, soil and leaf nutrient change in acid lime. Indian J. Soil Cons., 29 (3) , 229-234.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2002.
Economics of drip and fertigation in acid lime orchards. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46 (1), 56-60.
Shirgure, P. S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2003a. Evaluating micro-irrigation systems in Nagpur mandarin under sub-humid tropical climate. Tropical Agriculture 80 (2), 91-96.
Shirgure, P. S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2003b. Irrigation scheduling and fertigation in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Indian J. of Agric. Sci., 73(7), 363-7.
Shirgure, P. S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., Pimpale, A.R., 2004a. Drip irrigation scheduling growth, yield and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Indian J. of Agric. Sci., 74 (2), 92 – 4.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2004b. Growth, yield and quality of acid lime under pan evaporation based drip irrigation scheduling. Indian J. of Soil Cons., 32 (1) , 32-35.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2004c. Integrated water and nutrient management in acid lime. Indian J. of Soil Cons., 32 (2) , 148-151.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., Panchariya, G.S., 2006a. Effect of different potash fertilizers on yield and fruit quality of Nagpur mandarin. Paper presented in the National Symposium on Citriculture , A road map at ICAR research complex for NEH region, Umiam, Meghalaya during 22nd – 24st February, 2006. p-33.
Shirgure, P.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., 2006b. Potassium based fertigation response on yield and fruit quality of Nagpur mandarin. Paper submitted in the Conference on Natural Resources Management for sustainable Development in Western India (NRMSD-2006) at Pune during 11 –13th October, 2006.
Shirgure, P. S., Srivastava, A.K., 2012. Automatic pulse irrigation scheduling for enhancing the productivity and quality of drip irrigated Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Abst. Fifth Indian Horticulture Congrss-2012, p-283.
Simpson, G.H., 1978. Developments in under tree irrigation systems in the Murray valley. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. 234-235.
Slack,J., Turpin, J.W., Duncan, J.H., Mckay, O.L. 1978. Trickle irrigation of young citrus on coarse sands. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture, 1978. pp. 236-237.
Smajstrla, A.G., Koo, R.C.J., Weldon, J.H., 1984. Effects of volume of the rootzone irrigated on water use and yield of citrus. J. Am. Soc. of Agri. Eng., 84, 2107.
Smajstrla, A.G., Koo, R.C.J., 1984. Effects of trickle irrigation methods and amounts of water applied on citrus yields. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.97,3-7.
Smajstrla , A.G., Parsons, L.R. Aribi, K., Yelledis, G., 1986. Response of young citrus trees to irrigation. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 98, 25.
Smajstrla, A.G., 1993. Micro-irrigation for Citrus production in Florida. Hort Science. 28 (4) , 295-298
Smith, M.W., Kenworthy, A.L. , Bedford, C.L., 1979. The response of fruit trees to injections of Nitrogen through a trickle irrigation system. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 104, 311-313.
Srivastava, A.K., Shirgure, P.S., Singh, S., 2003. Differential fertigation response of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Balanco) on an alkaline Inceptisol under sub-humid tropical climate. Tropical Agriculture, 80(2), 97-104.
Syvertsen, J.P., M.L., Smith, 1996. Nitrogen uptake efficiency and Leaching losses from Lysimeter grown citrus trees fertilized at three nitrogen rates. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121(1), 57-62.
Tash be kov, Kh.K., Saidov, I.I., Kreidik, B.M., 1986. Water requirement of young lemon plantations in central Tajikistan conditions. Tekhnologiya orosheniya; programmirovanie Urozhaya, Moscow, USSR, 1986, 147 - 150.
Tuzcu, O., Cevik, B., Kaplankiran, M., Yesiloglu, T., Eebeci, Z., 1997. The effect of different irrigation methods on root distribution of Kudi-ken lemon cv. in Adana, Turkey.Proc.5th World Congress Int. Society Citrus Nurserymen, Montepellier, France, March 5-8 ,1997.
Xin, J.N., Zazueta, A.S., Smajstrala, A.G., Wheaton, T.A., 1995. Real time expert system for citrus microirrigation management. In micro-irrigation for a changing world , Conserving resources/preserving the environment. Proc.5th Int. Micro-irrigation Congress, Orlando, Florida,U.S.A. April 2-6, 1995 pp. 787-791.
Zekri,M., Parsons, L.R., 1989. Grapefruit leaf and fruit growth in response to drip, micro-sprinkler and overhead sprinkler irrigation. J.Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114, 25-29.
Zekri, M., Koo, R.C.J., 1994a. Treated municipal waste water for citrus irrigation. J. Pl. Nutri. 17(5) , 693-708.
Zekri, M. and Koo, R.C.J. 1994b. Application of micronutrients to citrus trees through micro-irrigation system. J. Pl. Nutrition, 15(11), 2517-2529.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Parameshwar Sidramappa Shirgure
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
