In vitro antibacterial efficacy of crude ethanolic leaf extract and alkaloidal fractions of phyllanthus amarus on URO-pathogens
Keywords:
Phyllanthus amarus, Uro-pathogens, Alkaloids, Urine, AntibacterialAbstract
The phytochemistry and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of crude ethanolic leaf extract and alkaloidal fractions of Phyllanthus amarus on the Gram positive (Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus; Coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp.; Serratia marcescens; Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from mid stream urine were carried out using standard microbiological and disc diffusion techniques. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic leaf extracts of P. amarus revealed the presence of phyto-constituents such as alkaloids (+++), tannins (+++), saponins (++), flavonoids (++), cardiac glycoside (+), free anthraquinones (++), deoxy-Sugar test (+) and phlobatanins (+), while combined anthraquinones was not detected. The results showed that P. amarus extracts exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory effects against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria isolated from urine samples. Highest mean zones of inhibition (14.3+1.0 mm) and activity index (0.97) were obtained at 40.0mgml-1 among the Gram positive bacteria, while the highest mean zones of inhibition (14.5 + 0.5mm) and activity index (1.12) at 40.0mgml-1 were obtained among the Gram negative. The results also showed that Coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp (CS03) was not sensitive to both 20.0mg/ml-1 of crude extracts of P. amarus and alkaloidal fractions. Among the Gram negative, Enterobacter sp (ES03) was not sensitive to 20.0mg/ml-1 of crude extracts of P. amarus, alkaloidal fractions and Streptomycin. Therefore, there is a need to consider the use of this potent ethanolic leaf extracts and the alkaloids for developing synthetic drugs against uro-pathogens.
References
Akinjogunla, O.J., Eghafona, N.O., Enabulele, I.O., Mboto, C.I., Ogbemudia, F.O., 2010a. African Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(6), 402-407p
Akinjogunla, O.J., Odeyemi, A.T., Olasehinde, G.I., 2010b. Journal of American Science, , 6(12),1674-1681p.
Akram, M., Shahid, M., khan, A., 2007. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial., 6(4),1-7p.
Bharatiya, V.B., 1992. In: India Tafa Press, Bombay, 235-237p.
Bharatiya, V.B., 1992. In: India Tafa Press, Bombay, 235-237p.
Cheesbrough, M., 2006. In: District Laboratory Practical in Tropical Countries Part 2 (2nd edition). Hong Kong:
Sheck Tong.2006, 398-412, 106-115 p.
Cowan, S.T., Steel, K.J., 1985. Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (4th Edition). Cambridge University
Press. London., 217p.
Cragg, G.M., Boyd, M.R., Khanna, R., Kneller, R., Mays, T.D., 1999. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 71, 1619-1633p.
Cushnie, T.P., Lamb, A.J., 2005. Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 26, 343.
Davies, J., 1994. Science, 264,375-382p.
Ebana, R.U.B., Madunagu, B.E., Ekpe, E.D., 2005. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 71, 398- 401p.
Harborne, J.B., 1998. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. (3rd Edition).
Chapman and Hall Co., New York. 1998, 88-190p.
Harding, G., Ronald, R., 1994. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 4, 83–88p.
Hassan, S.A., Jamal, S.A., Kamal, M., 2011. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7 (1), 39-43p
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Stately, J.T., Williams, S.T., 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, (9th edn), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1994, 787p.
Hvidberg, H., Struve, H.C., Krogfelt, K.A., Christensen, N., Rasmussen, S.N., Frimodt, M., 2000. Antimicrobiol Agents
Chemotherapy , 44, 156-163p.
Iwu, M.M., 1993. In: Hand Book of African Medicinal CRC Press Inc, Florida. 309 - 330p.
Kassuyaa, C.A., Silerstre, A.A., Rehder, V., Calixto, J.B., 2003. Eur. J Pharm, 478, 145-153p.
Manges, A.R., Natarajan, P., Solberg, O.D., Dietrich, P.S., Riley, L.W., 2006. Epidemiology and Infections, 134, 425–
p.
Martino, P.D., Gagniere, H., Berry, H., Bret, L., 2002. Microbiology and Infection. 4, 613-620p.
Nair, R., Kalariya, T., Sumitra, C., 2005. Turkish Journal of Biology. 29: 9-47p.
NCCLS, 2004. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, fourteenth informational supplement.
M100 – S14. NCCLS, Wayne, P. A. USA.
Noor, N., Ajaz, M., Rasoxl, S.A., Pirzada, Z.A., 2004. Urinary tract infections associated with multi-drug resistant
enteric bacilli: Characterization and genetical studies, 221-225p.
Odetola, A.A., Akojenu, S.M., 2000. Africa Journal of Medical Science. 29, 119 –122p.
Olowusulu, A.K., Ibrahim, Y.K.E., 2006. West Afr. J. Biol. Sci., 3(5), 21-26p.
Oluwafemi, F., Debiri, F., 2008. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 11, 215-219p.
Saleem, M., Daniel, B., 2011. Int. J. Emerg. Sci., 1(2),133-142p
Saonuam, P., Hiransuthikul, N., Suankratay, C., Malathum, K., Danchaivijitr, S., 2008. Asian Biomed, 2, 485-491.
Sofowora, A., 2006. Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa Spectrum Books Limited. Ibadan., 150-
p.
Stamm, W.E., Norrby, S.R., 2001. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183(1), 51-4p.
Trease, A., Evans, W.C., 2002. A textbook of Pharmacognosy (14th edition) Bailliere Tindall London, 76-84p.
Tsuchiya, H.M.S., Miyazaki, T., Fujiwara S., 1996. J. Ethnophamacol., 50, 27- 34p.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Olajide Joseph Akinjogunla, Danladi N. Bala, Maria A. Sylvester
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
